大小叶种儿茶素在植物油中抗氧化性数据的广义估计方程法的检验和分析

在获得有关大小叶种儿茶素在植物油中的过氧化值数据后，怎样通过摆在人们面前的一大堆数据获得正确的结论，从而揭示一定的规律，并能展示其显著性和统计意义，SAS是目前流行的统计分析软件，应用广义估计方程（GEN-MOD）方法，可以从输出的信息中寻找统计上的参数值，来检验和证实结论可靠程度。     

走马芹根部提取液对几种常见森林害虫的防治试验

利用33％的走马芹根部提取液对落叶松毛虫、分月扇舟蛾进行防治试验，防治效果较好，分别达到93．1％和85．12％，而对青杨虎天牛的作用较差，防治效果只有26．67％。     

大学生非正式小群体探析

分析了当前大学生非正式小群体大量存在的因素，提出学生工作应加强学生基层组织建设，规范非正式小群体。     

阿拉尔片区部分豆制品卫生学评价

本实验是以阿拉尔片区部分豆制品卫生质量进行感观和细菌学评价,为消费者的健康饮食做以指导。结果显示:阿拉尔片区所售的部分豆制品存在着卫生质量问题,菌落总数不合格的为44%;大肠菌群数不合格的为25%;九团检样豆腐中检出一例蜡样芽胞杆菌,阿拉尔片区部分豆制品总体合格率占检样的56%。     

Prospects for hybrid breeding in winter triticale: II. Relationship between parental genetic distance and specific combining ability

Significant relative midparent heterosis (MPH%) for grain yield in triticale (×Triticosecale Wittm.) has generated interest in the development of hybrid cultivars. The objectives of this study were to (i) examine the association between parental genetic distance (GD) and specific combining ability (SCA), (ii) investigate the existence of genetically distant heterotic groups in elite germplasm, and (iii) draw conclusions for future hybrid breeding in winter triticale. Genetic distance between 61 lines was estimated, based on 93 polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker loci and 10 AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) primer‐enzyme combinations (PEC). Agronomic data of 206 F₁ crosses and their 61 parental lines grown in six German environments were published recently in a companion study. Correlations were made between SCA for grain yield, number of spikes/m², 1000‐kernel weight and number of kernels per spike with GD estimates of the 56 female and five male parents (testers). Principal co‐ordinate analyses (PCoA) based on SSR data revealed no distinct subgroups in the germplasm. Correlations between GD and SCA were low for all traits (|r| ≤ 0.31), which hampers the prediction of SCA from molecular data. A multi‐stage procedure is recommended for future hybrid breeding in triticale by applying a pragmatic approach for the grouping of germplasm following the early history of hybrid breeding of maize.     

Linkage of downy mildew resistance genes Pd 1 and Pd 2from Allium roylei Stearn in progeny of its interspecific hybrid with onion (A. cepa L.)

Summary Male meiosis of the interspecific hybrid between Allium roylei and A. cepa is undisturbed relative to its parents. Based on meiotic data, A. roylei is concluded to be a closer relative of A. cepa than A. fistulosum. Segregation ratios for downy mildew resistance among BC₁ and F₂ progenies from the F₁ between A. roylei and A. cepa indicate the presence of two dominantly inherited, weakly linked nuclear resistance genes, Pd ₁ and Pd ₂, in A. roylei (recombination frequency 0.32±0.03). Presumably Pd ₁ and Pd ₂are the first genes described in Allium residing in one linkage group. The prospects of exploiting A. roylei in onion breeding seem very promising.     

Canopy cover and groundlayer vegetation dynamics in a fire managed eastern sand savanna

Savanna vegetation is characterized by high and variable ground layer species richness regulated by functional group interactions with fire regimes and canopy cover. Frequent fire selects for C4 grasses and prairie forbs in canopy openings and C3 graminoid species and shade-adapted forbs and shrubs in canopy shade. Frequent fire also maximizes heterogeneity in partial canopy cover and species richness across the full canopy gradient. However, few studies have linked fire induced change in tree canopy cover with groundlayer vegetation dynamics in relation to this model. In 1986 and in 2007, we measured canopy cover and sampled groundlayer vegetation in 1 m² plots along 53 transects at the Tefft Savanna, a fire managed 197 ha eastern sand savanna with strong canopy cover and elevation gradients. We analyzed temporal change in canopy cover and groundlayer vegetation, correlating percent change in canopy cover with change in ground layer functional groups. After 20 years of burning at 3 fires/decade, elevation accounted for 62% of the variation in an NMS ordination of groundlayer vegetation. However, canopy cover, which averaged 24-86% in 2007, had a significant secondary effect on the ordination. Five vegetation types classified by TWINSPAN varied significantly in elevation and canopy cover. Woody vegetation comprised 8 of the 12 species with greatest niche breadths, and tended to predominant in woodland or forest, where tree cover averaged 50% or more. Forbs had greater richness in savanna, which averaged less than 30% canopy cover. The C3 sedge Carex pensylvanica was the dominant graminoid species under woodland canopy cover, and was co-dominant with the C4 grasses Andropogon scoparius and Sorghastrum nutans under savanna canopy cover. As in other savannas, N-fixing species sorted across shade and canopy openings, and heterogeneity among transects was maximized at mid-canopy cover. Over time, canopy cover decreased up to 50%, creating more open savanna conditions at mid to high elevations. This decrease was associated with a 20-100 % increase in species richness and was significantly correlated with increasing richness and cover of C4 grasses and summer flowering prairie and woodland forbs. These results support a canopy cover model of fire-maintained savanna vegetation, with greater abundance of C4 grasses and prairie forb species associated with lower canopy cover, greater heterogeneity at mid-canopy cover, and species richness maximized across the light gradient. They also indicate that decreasing canopy cover caused by repeated burning increases species richness and abundance of C4 and prairie forb species.     

Habitat fragmentation in an urban environment: large and small fragments support different arthropod assemblages

We investigated the effects of fragmentation due to urbanisation on the species composition and functional roles of ants, beetles, spiders, flies and wasps. The study was conducted in 21 fragments of heath and woodland in south-eastern Australia classed as either ‘small’ (? 4 km²) or ‘large’ (? 80 km²). Arthropods were pitfall-trapped and identified to family or genus and morphospecies and microhabitat characteristics were recorded. Large fragments did not support more species per unit area than small fragments for most arthropods, although there were more species of ants per sampling unit in small than large woodland fragments, mainly due to a higher frequency of generalist species in smaller fragments. Large and small habitat fragments contained different assemblages of spiders, wasps and ants, indicating that predators and parasitoids are affected more strongly than other trophic groups. Arthropod assemblages within larger fragments where grids were furthest apart were less similar than those within smaller fragments where grids were closer together in woodland, but not in heath. The responses of arthropods to fragmentation suggest that, in addition to effects of reduced area and proximity to the urban matrix, changes in fire regimes and the degradation of habitats resulting from urbanisation, may have a role in altering arthropod assemblages, particularly affecting those species belonging to higher trophic levels. Management goals for urban remnants should identify mechanisms for controlling fire and anthropogenic disturbance such that they closely resemble the levels of these factors in larger fragments.     

Conservation-oriented forestry and early successional saproxylic beetles: Responses of functional groups to manipulated dead wood substrates

New conservation-oriented forestry aims to maintain intact populations of forest organisms by improving the conservation value of managed forests and providing protected areas. We tested the conservation value of treatments of dead wood for assemblages of early successional saproxylic beetles. In nine areas in northern Sweden, we selected one clear-cut, one mature managed forest and one reserve. In 2001-2002, we placed three blocks of spruce logs, each containing control, burned and shaded logs and a high stump (“snag”) at each site. Saproxylic beetles emerging from the dead wood were collected using emergence traps and beetles flying close to it were collected using flight-intercept traps. After one year of exposure, assemblage composition was examined, with respect to nutritionally-defined functional groups, red-listed species and fire-favoured species. Experimental snags were most complementary to control logs, supporting different assemblages of cambium consumers and fungivores and supporting more red-listed individuals. Burned logs supported depauperate assemblages, particularly with respect to cambium consumers, while shading of logs affected assemblages of fungivores, but only on clear-cuts. Despite containing less dead wood, managed forests provided valuable habitat, supporting similar assemblages of saproxylic beetles to reserves. Most functional groups were less abundant on clear-cuts than in older forests, but fire-favoured species were more common on clear-cuts, suggesting that clear-cuts may support assemblages of species associated with natural disturbances, if suitable substrates are available. Utilization of logs by saproxylic beetles changes over time, so long-term monitoring of our experimental logs will determine their lifetime conservation value.     

热带、亚热带玉米自交系与温带自交系遗传关系研究

以 9个热带、亚热带玉米自交系和 5个代表中国温带主要杂优群的自交系为材料 ,利用SSR分子标记技术和NC -Ⅱ遗传设计的田间试验方法 ,研究了它们之间的遗传关系。结果表明 ,温热杂交组合掖 478×CML31 0、Mo1 7×CML1 0、黄早 4×CML1 0 7、旅 9×CML31 0、自330×CML31 2产量特殊配合力较高 ;根据SSR标记遗传多态性结果将供试自交系分为 6个杂优类群 :第 1类群包括CML1 0、CML2 65 ,第 2类群包括CML2 7、CML96、CML2 95、Mo1 7,第3类群包括CML32 3、黄早 4 ,第 4类群包括CML31 0、CML31 2、自 330、丹 340 ,第 5类群包括CML1 0 7,第 6类群包括掖 478;SSR标记的分类结果与产量配合力及系谱分析结果基本一致